Liver and Bile
Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024;22(4):768–77.e8
Alcoholic foamy degeneration, an entity resembling alcohol-associated hepatitis: Diagnosis, prognosis, and molecular profiling
Background and aims: Alcoholic foamy degeneration (AFD) is a condition with similar clinical presentation to alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH), but with a specific histologic pattern. Information regarding the prevalence and prognosis of AFD is scarce and there are no tools for a non-invasive diagnosis.
Methods: A cohort of patients admitted to the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona for clinical suspicion of AH who underwent liver biopsy was included. Patients were classified as AFD, AH, or other findings, according to histology. Clinical features, histology, and genetic expression of liver biopsy specimens were analyzed. The accuracy of National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) criteria and laboratory parameters for differential diagnosis were investigated.
Results: Of 230 patients with a suspicion of AH, 18 (8%) met histologic criteria for AFD, 184 (80%) had definite AH, and 28 (12%) had other findings. In patients with AFD, massive steatosis was more frequent, and the fibrosis stage was lower. AFD was characterized by down-regulation of liver fibrosis and inflammation genes and up-regulation of lipid metabolism and mitochondrial function genes. Patients with AFD had markedly better long-term survival (100% vs. 57% in AFD vs. AH; p = 0.002) despite not receiving corticosteroid treatment, even in a Model for End-stage Liver Disease-matched sensitivity analysis. Serum triglyceride levels had an area under the receiver-operating characteristic of 0.886 (95% confidence interval: 0.807–0.964) for the diagnosis of AFD, whereas the NIAAA criteria performed poorly. A 1-step algorithm using triglyceride levels of 225 mg/dl (sensitivity, 0.77; specificity, 0.90; and Youden index, 0.67) is proposed for differential diagnosis.
Conclusions: Alcoholic foamy degeneration (AFD) in the setting of suspicion of alcohol-associated hepatitis is not uncommon. A differential diagnosis is important because prognosis and treatment differ largely. Triglyceride levels successfully identify most patients with AFD and may be helpful in decision making